Lawn mowers employing a single blade that rotates about a single vertical axis are known as rotary mowers, while those employing a cutting bar and multiple blade assembly that rotates about a single horizontal axis are known as cylinder or reel mowers (although in some versions, the cutting bar is the only blade, and the rotating assembly consists of flat metal pieces which force the blades of grass against the sharp cutting bar). This clean cut promotes healthier, thicker and more resilient lawn growth that is more resistant to disease, weeds and parasites. Without patent,[clarification needed] Budding and Ferrabee were shrewd enough to allow other companies to build copies of their mower under license, the most successful of these being Ransomes of Ipswich, which began making mowers as early as 1832. We have built many models and styles over the … I theorize he was conceived during an amorous moment years ago on some country club’s 18th green. I just purchased a Craftsman lawn mower #247.38814. Some mowers have a throttle control on the handlebar with which the operator can adjust the engine speed. Cordless mowers have the maneuverability of a gasoline-powered mower and the environmental friendliness of a corded electric mower, but they are more expensive and come in fewer models (particularly the self-propelling type) than either. [6] In 1870, Elwood McGuire of Richmond, Indiana designed a human-pushed lawn mower, which was very lightweight and a commercial success. The lawn mower was invented by Edwin Beard Budding in 1830[1] in Brimscombe and Thrupp, just outside Stroud, in Gloucestershire, England. Hi-vac is also the type of grass collection used on some riding lawn mowers and lawn tractors and is suitable for use in dry conditions but less suitable for long wet lush grass as they often clog up. Craftsman Exclusives, Craftsman, Lawn Mowers. [13] One type of reel mower, now largely obsolete, was a powered version of the traditional side-wheel push mower, which was used on residential lawns. John Burr patented an improved rotary-blade lawn mower in 1899, with the wheel placement altered for better performance. In the United States this development paralleled the market penetration of companies such as the Briggs & Stratton company of Wisconsin. The company they both controlled was called the Leyland Steam Motor Company. The first grass boxes were flat trays but took their present shape in the 1860s. Tags . If the numbers are separated by an "x," the numbers represent the tire's outer diameter, followed by the tire height -- the thickness of the tire between the top of the rim to the top of the tire -- and the tire diameter. Batteries can be in the interior of the lawnmower or on the outside. I am looking for a riding mower with a 42"-46" wide deck that can preferably go to 6" cutting height. Oct 30, 2017 - Cheap Transmission Belts, Buy Quality Home Improvement Directly from China Suppliers:High quality 7PJ381 7J150 7J381 Rubber ribbed belt for lawn mower Length 381mm Ribs number 7 CHINA Manufacture Enjoy Free Shipping … Me, I consider mowing the lawn the gardening equivalent of cleaning the toilet. Height adjuster 581497908 moves the lawn mower wheel up or down to adjust the lawn mower deck to the desired cutting height. Numerous manufacturers entered the field with petrol (gasoline) engine-powered mowers after the start of the 20th century. Make sure to refer to your user’s … You need to refer to your owner’s manual to find out what those numbers mean. Amariah Hills went on to found the Archimedean Lawn Mower Co. in 1871. Hook the tip of a measuring tape on top of the mower blade and measure the distance to the ground. Lawn mowers powered by propane were also manufactured by Lehr.[19]. Hover mowers are powered rotary push lawn mowers that use an impeller above the spinning blades to drive air downward, thereby creating an air cushion that lifts the mower above the ground. I’m surprised he hasn’t taken the tires off his tractor and tried running it on the hubs to get an even closer shave. The wheels in turn drove the reel, as in the push mower. The cut of a well-adjusted cylinder mower is straight and definite, as if cut with a pair of scissors. Much smaller and lighter variants of the roller mower are sometimes used for small patches of ornamental lawns around flower beds, and these have no engine.[13]. The second most common transmission type is a form of continuously variable transmission, called the hydrostatic transmission. Lawn mowers have various height settings. The first United States patent for a reel lawn mower was granted to Amariah Hills on January 12, 1868. The American Lawn Mower Company has been manufacturing high quality lawn tools for over 120 years and their American Lawn Mower 1985 18” 5-Blade Reel Lawn Mower is simply one of the best mowers on the market in 2020. A robotic lawn mower ("lawn-mowing bot", "mowbot", etc.) Mowing at the correct height reduces weed problems, contributes to a healthy root system, increases resistance to drought, insects, and diseases, and helps prevent run-off of … The smallest types, non-powered push mowers, are suitable for small residential lawns and gardens. I want to be able to set the height in inches but it has no markings as to how high each adjustment makes the mower. [22] The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children be at least 12 years old before they are allowed to use a walk-behind lawn mower and at least 16 years of age before using a riding mower and that they "should not operate lawn mowers until they have displayed the necessary levels of judgment, strength, coordination, and maturity". Plus blades shade the ground and keep the roots cool and happy. The new company, Victa Mowers Pty Ltd, was incorporated on 13 February 1953. Wide-area mowers (WAMs) are commercial grade mowers which have decks extended to either side, many to 12 feet (3.7 m). These conversions are impractical when compared with 2- or 3-in-1 mowers which can be converted in the field in seconds. Solution. The numbers are not exact because there are are too many uncontrollable factors that could alter the overall cut height of grass. The most common transmission for tractors is a manual transmission. Manufacture of lawn mowers took off in the 1860s. [14] Gasoline mowers have the advantages over electric mowers of greater power and distance range. Using a mulching mower will return nutrients lost in the clippings back to the root zone. [32] A recent study assessed the occupational noise exposure among groundskeepers at several North Carolina public universities and found noise levels from push lawn mowers measured between 86-95 decibels (A-weighted) and from riding lawn mowers between 88 and 96 dB(A); both types exceeded the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit of 85 dB(A).[33]. I have a guy down the road from me with an enormous lawn that he cuts with a rider set so low the grass blade is cut to around half an inch. Power generally ranges from four to seven horsepower. [23] Persons using a mower should wear heavy footwear, eye protection, and hearing protection in the case of engine-powered mowers. After numerous advances, these machines were sold by the Stott Fertilizer and Insecticide Company of Manchester and Sumner. [7][8] The roller-drive lawn mower has changed very little since around 1930. [2], Budding's first machine was 19 inches (480 mm) wide with a frame made of wrought iron. All three models – 20 inches (510 mm), 24 inches (610 mm) and 30 inches (760 mm) – were largely hand-built by a small team. There are several types of mowers, each suited to a particular scale and purpose. These were the first riding mowers. Keep your lawn mower height set at the higher end of your grass species' range to prevent weeds from taking hold. The length of the number sequence … Corded electric mowers are limited in range by their trailing power cord, which may limit their use with lawns extending outward more than 100–150 feet (30–45 m) from the nearest available power outlet. The deck of a rotary mower is typically made of steel. Some lawnmowers will have settings with letters or numbers on the wheels. Corded rotary lawn mower, with rear grass catcher (note the red cord attached at the handle). Within five years, annual production had accelerated to tens of thousands. So he gets to mow his lawn two and even three times a week. 56 reviews of Citrus Heights Saw & Mower "It isn't enough to have the right power tools, you also have to maintain them. at 10mins 26 secs exact in this video", "How does a small engine governor work? Two main styles of blades are used in lawn mowers. Grow your grass longer and the roots will grow deeper. Seriously, that’s what must be going through the heads of homeowners who commit the number-one mistake in lawn care: mowing one’s lawn too short. [10] Two Victa mowers, from 1958 and 1968 respectively, are held in the collection of the National Museum of Australia. Advances in materials and engineering have resulted in these mowers being very light and easy to operate and manoeuvre compared with their predecessors while still giving all the cutting advantages of professional cylinder mowers. By 1862, Ferrabee's company was making eight models in various roller sizes. However, they are very slow--you will not get your lawnmower blade sharpened while you wait, you have to leave the mower there a few days, and in fact, usually you have to … Hi-vac mowers have a tunnel that extends from the side discharge to the bag. The basic push mower mechanism is also used in gangs towed behind a tractor. And Citrus Heights Saw And Mower is the place to go for that. It is possible for a lawn mower to damage the underlying soil, the grass'es roots, and the mower itself if the blades cut through the grass and collide with the underlying ground. At the same time we can’t see why it wouldn’t have been … Cast-iron gear wheels transmitted power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder, allowing the rear roller to drive the knives on the cutting cylinder; the ratio was 16:1. 8400001 and up 101PM45 Serial No. Cordless electric mowers are powered by a variable number (typically 1–4) of 12-to-80-volt rechargeable batteries. The individual mowers are arranged in a "v" behind the tractor with each mower's track slightly overlapping that of the mower in front of it. Its mowers were lighter and easier to use than similar ones that had come before. The robot uses this wire to locate the boundary of the area to be trimmed and in some cases to locate a recharging dock. View Product. Therefore, it is important to adjust mower height properly and choose the right tires for lawn mower to prevent any marking or digging. The eventual disposal of worn-out batteries is problematic (though some manufacturers offer to recycle them), and the motors in some cordless mowers tend to be less powerful than gasoline motors of the same total weight (including batteries). When repeatedly cut that short, grass doesn’t develop a deep, healthy root system, so you need to water it more. This height adjuster (part number 581497908) is for lawn mowers. View Product. He made his first model out of scrap in his garage. Around 1900, one of the best known English machines was the Ransomes' Automaton, available in chain- or gear-driven models. Overall, these machines were remarkably similar to modern mowers. The operator is provided with a seat and controls on the mower and literally rides on the machine. Cut only as often as is required to keep the lawn within the correct height range. A minimum-maintained lawn management practice with clipping recycling, and minimum irrigation and mowing, is recommended to mitigate global warming effects from urban turfgrass system[28], Mowers can create significant noise pollution,[29][30] and could cause hearing loss if used without hearing protection for prolonged periods of time. I move up to the “D’ setting so I’m growing taller, fully developed plugs during the most stressful periods of heat and drought. Professional grass-cutting equipment (used by large establishments such as universities, sports stadiums and local authorities) usually take the form of much larger, dedicated, ride-on platforms or attachments that can be mounted on, or behind, a standard tractor unit (a "gang-mower"). Some side discharge mower manufacturers also sell separate "mulching plates" that will cover the opening on the side discharge mower and, in combination with the proper blades, will convert the mower to a mulching mower. Is there a chart somewhere? When repeatedly cut that short, grass doesn’t develop a deep, healthy root system, so you need to water it more. Well, if my neighbor is cutting his lawn to one inch, he has to cut it when it grows to an inch and a half, if he hopes to maintain his status as Lawn God Of Western Deephaven. While specific heights vary, the typical range for cool-season grasses falls between 1 and 4 … Reel Lawn Mower Considerations for Saint Augustine Grass. It might say “1 2, 3, 4” or “a, b and c”. The clippings settle at the bottom of the sward and are barely visible. These mowers are targeted at the residential market and typically price is the most important selling point. This tends to result in a rougher cut and bruises and shreds the grass leaf resulting in discolouration of the leaf ends as the shredded portion dies. These machines were lighter and quieter than the gear-driven machines that preceded them, although they were slightly more expensive. The attachments can simply function by the movement of the tractor similar to manual push cylinder mowers, but also sometimes may have powered moving blades. I am looking for a riding mower with a 42"-46" wide deck that can preferably go to 6" cutting height. The machine has a roller before and after the cutting cylinder which smooths the freshly cut lawn and minimizes wheel marks. Hydrostatic transmissions are more expensive than mechanical transmissions, but they are easier to use and can transmit greater torque to the wheels compared to a typical mechanical transmission. Riding reel mowers are also produced. Typically, the cutting reels are ahead of the vehicle's main wheels, so that the grass can be cut before the wheels push the grass over onto the ground. The height of the cut grass may be fixed by the design of the mower, but generally is adjustable by the operator, typically by a single master lever, or by a lever or nut and bolt on each of the machine's wheels. Other designs have twin blades to mulch the clippings to small pieces. Most 2-in-1 bagging and mulching mowers require a separate attachment to discharge grass onto the lawn. I like to cut my grass high, but most riding mowers I see have a height from 1.5"-4". The first Victa mowers were made at Mortlake, an inner suburb of Sydney, by local resident Mervyn Victor Richardson. These are usually designed to resemble a small agricultural tractor, with the cutting deck mounted amidships between the front and rear axles. The drives for these mowers are in several categories. Push mowers have no engine and are usually used on smaller lawn areas where access is a problem, where noise pollution is undesirable and where air pollution is unwanted. The grass blades also don’t shade the ground; the sun beats down and evaporates the moisture and fries the roots. A taller, denser lawn prevents many undesirable seeds from taking hold, and you can avoid having to spread expensive and poisonous weed killers. An internal combustion engine sat atop the reel housing and drove the wheels, usually through a belt. Additionally, the blades of a self-powered push mower (gasoline or electric) can injure a careless or inattentive user; consequently many come equipped with a dead man's switch to immediately disable the blade rotation when the user is no longer holding the handle. If you're used to operating a digger, you may appreciate the joystick controls because it means that you accelerate and steer with your hands. The engine model number will be in one of three locations. The three-digit lawn mower numbering system works a bit differently than the two-digit system, aside from having an extra numeral. The first Victa mowers were then manufactured, going on sale on 20 September 1952. About this time, an operator could ride behind animals that pulled the large machines. As the mower is pushed along, the wheels drive gears which rapidly spin the reel. The reels are often hydraulically powered. Over this is a fast-spinning reel of blades which force the grass past the cutting bar. The top two height levels are 3.5" and 2.875" respectively. If on the outside, the depleted batteries can be quickly swapped with recharged batteries. Budding's mower was designed primarily to cut the grass on sports grounds and extensive gardens, as a superior alternative to the scythe, and was granted a British patent on August 31, 1830. 000002132. Most lawn mowers come with a collection box to collect the clippings, but mulching mowers instead chop up the clippings very finely and deposit them back into the turf. The Atco motor mower, launched in 1921 was an immediate success. A robotic mower is contained by a border wire around the lawn that defines the area to be mowed. Most rotary push mowers are powered by internal combustion engines. Such engines are usually four-stroke engines, used for their greater torque and cleaner combustion (although a number of older models used two-stroke engines), running on gasoline (petrol) or other liquid fuels. Their products are all identified by a serial number, which Deere also refers to as a product identification number, PIN, or Lawn Mower ID No. Riding lawn mowers can often mount other devices, such as rototillers/rotavators, snow plows, snow blowers, yard vacuums, occasionally even front buckets or fork-lift tines (these are more properly known as "lawn tractors" in this case, being designed for a number of tasks). Get free shipping on qualified RYOBI Riding Lawn Mowers or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the Outdoors Department. [3], Two of the earliest Budding machines sold went to Regent's Park Zoological Gardens in London and the Oxford Colleges. Larger lawn mowers are usually either self-propelled "walk-behind" types, or more often, are "ride-on" mowers, equipped so the operator can ride on the mower and control it. Cylinder lawn mowers – generally speaking cylinder mowers are made to cut shorter and closer with domestic heights varying from around 5-10mm up to 30-40mm; Professional Cylinder lawn Mowers - are made for bowling greens and cricket creases often cutting as low as 3mm up to around 30-40mm. Knowing the model number of your Briggs & Stratton engine will make it easy to order maintenance or repair parts either online or from your local dealer. Write the numbers you see on a piece of paper. The largest multi-gang (multi-blade) mowers are mounted on tractors and are designed for large expanses of grass such as golf courses and municipal parks, although they are ill-suited for complex terrain. [16][17], Electric mowers are further subdivided into corded and cordless electric models. How Do the Height Settings on Lawn Mowers Work? In some ride-on mowers, the cut grass is dropped onto the ground and then collected by a set of rotating bristles, allowing even long, wet grass to be collected. Starting now, mow your lawn using the middle setting—”C” on my Toro. Power+ 21" Select Cut™ Lawn Mower LM2130. Hover mowers are built to operate on steep slopes, waterfronts, and high-weeded areas, so they are often used by golf course greenskeepers and commercial landscapers. And the numbers do not necessarily represent the height in inches, so a setting the height in position one doesn’t necessarily mean one inch. Ideal Power Mower also introduced the world's first self-propelled, riding lawn tractor in 1922, known as the "Triplex". All are equipped with a governor (often centrifugal/mechanical or air vane style) to open the throttle as needed to maintain the pre-selected speed when the force needed to cut the thicker or taller grass is encountered. Machine that uses one or more rotating blades to cut a lawn to an even height, Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National, Learn how and when to remove this template message, United States Environmental Protection Agency, British patent numbers 1617 – 1852 (old series), "The Hall & Duck Trust: Lawn Mower History Part 2", "Greener Pastures – History of the Lawn Mower", "About: An Industry Innovator for Over 70 Years", "Collection Explorer – National Museum of Australia", ". In the United States, gasoline-powered lawn mowers were first manufactured in 1914 by Ideal Power Mower Co. of Lansing, Michigan, based on a patent by Ransom E. Olds. With sturdy construction and a wide 18” cutting path, this mower makes large, clean swathes across your lawn allowing you to tackle a medium-sized lawn … Your mowing frequency ultimately depends on your lawn's ideal height, which varies during the growing season and depends on growing conditions. Depending on the type of lawn tractor, its features and age of manufacture, the serial number can be found in several different locations on the tractor, according to the John Deere KnowledgeBase. Gang mowers are used over large areas of turf such as sports fields or parks. A lawn mower (also known as mower, grass cutter or lawnmower) is a machine utilizing one or more revolving blades to cut a grass surface to an even height. Cut, your grass should be around 2.5 to 3 inches long. Measuring Cutting Heights - Walk Behind Mowers. 53500001 and up 101PM2375 Serial No. These transmissions take several forms, from pumps driving separate motors, which may incorporate a gear reduction, to fully integrated units containing a pump, motor and gear reduction. Now you need to water even more and fertilize three or four times to keep it green. View Product. is designed to operate either entirely on its own, or less commonly by an operator by remote control. A ride on mower being used to maintain a public garden (2015). Victa offers a large variety of domestic and commercial mowers in a range of deck sizes, these range from 16 inches for smaller lawns to large 24 inch commercial mowers with a variety of sizes in between to find a match for your lawn. Article Number. I mow less than once a week. Installing a residual-current device (GFCI) on the outlet may reduce the shock risk. Another roller placed between the cutting cylinder and the main or land roller could be raised or lowered to alter the height of cut. A Fact Sheet", "Lawn Mower Injury Alert: What You Need to Know", "Lawn Mower Injuries in Children - OrthoInfo - AAOS", "Technical Report: Lawn Mower-Related Injuries to Children", "CDC - Noise and Hearing Loss Prevention - NIOSH Sound Level Meter App - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic", Grass Cutting Beats Driving in Making Air Pollution, Reducing Pollution from Small, Gas-Powered Engines, "EPA tightens lawn mower, motor boat emission rules", "The effects of household management practices on the global warming potential of urban lawns", "Noise pollution and push lawn mowers, electric mowers, and gas mowers", "Grounds for Change: Reducing Noise Exposure in Grounds Management Professionals", "Assessment of Occupational Noise Exposure among Groundskeepers in North Carolina Public Universities", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lawn_mower&oldid=999779312, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2018, Articles needing additional references from February 2018, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 11 January 2021, at 22:42. A lawn mower (also known as mower, grass cutter or lawnmower) is a machine utilizing one or more revolving blades to cut a grass surface to an even height. Appropriate hearing protection such as earplugs or earmuffs will also help reduce the amount of sound that the user hears, which in turn can reduce hearing loss caused by lawn mowers. I measured the height of each one on a flat surface using a shortened wood paint stirrer and notched the blade at each height. The venture was so successful that by 1958 the company moved to much larger premises in Parramatta Road, Concord, and then to Milperra, by which time the mower incorporated an engine, designed and manufactured by Victa, which was specially designed for mowing, rather than employing a general-purpose engine bought from outside suppliers. His machine burned petrol and/or paraffin (kerosene) as fuel. A grass cutting device. Another benefit? How is the actual cutting height at each height setting measured? Removing the tires from your mower, however, is unnecessary. Riding mowers (U.S. and Canada) or ride-on mowers (U.K. and Canada) are a popular alternative for large lawns. It has 6 height adjustments for the height. Victa lawn mower height adjustment is easy with the adjustment lever which makes changing the cutting height easy. They do create a significant amount of pollution due to the combustion in the engine,[15] and their engines require periodic maintenance such as cleaning or replacement of the spark plug and air filter, and changing the engine oil. Rotary mowers were not developed until engines were small enough and powerful enough to run the blades at sufficient speed. Share it! [11] The Victa mower is regarded as something of an Australian icon, appearing en masse, in simulated form, at the opening of the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000.[12]. Cool-season turf, which includes fescues and Kentucky bluegrass, grows the most during the cool temperatures of spring and fall. 62.61: Up to 60 Minutes (w/ 7.5Ah battery) 21" 1-.5"-4" Power+ 21" Mower LM2100. Typically, more batteries mean more run time and/or power (and more weight). [3] The rise in popularity of lawn sports helped prompt the spread of the invention. In the United States, over 12,000 people per year are hospitalized as a result of lawn mower accidents. [31] Lawn mowers also present an occupational hearing hazard to the nearly 1 million people who work in lawn service and ground-keeping. MTD's "Auto Drive", and toroidal, have various performance or perception problems that have caused their market life to be short or their market penetration to be limited. Robotic lawn mowers are increasingly sophisticated, are usually self-docking and contain rain sensors, nearly eliminating human interaction for mowing grass. A rear bag mower features an opening on the back of the mower through which the grass is expelled into the bag. Of all the mowers, a properly adjusted cylinder mower makes the cleanest cut of the grass,[13] and this allows the grass to heal more quickly. We have built many models and styles over the years. These extensions can be lowered for large area mowing or raised to decrease the mower's width and allow for easy transport on city roads or trailers. How to Find Your Lawn Mower Engine Model Number How to Find Your Lawn Mower Engine Model Number . His lawn will grow that half an inch in just more than two days during times grass is most active. Get free shipping on qualified Single-lever height adjustment, RYOBI Lawn Mowers or Buy Online Pick Up in Store today in the Outdoors Department. Low priced mowers use older technology, smaller motors, and lighter steel decks. Electrical or piston engine-powered push-mowers are used for larger residential lawns (although there is some overlap). These machines will also tend to cut lower (13 mm) than a standard four-wheeled rotary. The blade is designed to keep the clippings circulating underneath the mower until the clippings are chopped quite small. I let my lawn grow to 4 or 5 inches and cut it to just over three. Aug 1, 2017 • FAQ. It’s special in that you control it with joystick controls. This number is the height of the grass in your lawn on the current setting. May 15, 2012. [13] If the gap between the blades is less than the thickness of the grass blades, a clean cut can still be made. One company that produced rotary mowers commercially was the Australian Victa company, starting in 1952. While the cutting action is often likened to that of scissors, it is not necessary for the blades of the spinning cylinder to contact the horizontal cutting bar. The most common self-contained power source for lawn mowers is a small (typically one cylinder) internal combustion engine. Get more answers from the people in your networks. The quality of cut can be inferior if the grass is pushed away from the blade by the cushion of air. This led to the codification of modern rules for many sports, including for football, lawn bowls, lawn tennis and others.[5]. Other mowers have a fixed, pre-set engine speed. In the 1850s, Thomas Green & Son of Leeds introduced a mower called the Silens Messor (meaning silent cutter), which used a chain drive to transmit power from the rear roller to the cutting cylinder. Internal combustion engines used with lawn mowers normally have only one cylinder. The height of the cut grass may be fixed by the design of the mower, but generally is adjustable by the operator, typically by a single master lever, or by a lever or nut and bolt on each of the machine's wheels. Both are relatively quiet, typically producing less than 75 decibels, while a gasoline lawn mower can be 95 decibels or more.[18]. Rotary mowers with internal combustion engines come in three price ranges. Consider that you should only remove 1/3 of the grass blade when you mow. Robotic mower is pushed away from the blade by the cushion of air 3-in-1 mowers which can be in of... Within five years, annual production had accelerated to tens of thousands are further subdivided into corded and cordless mowers! Become clogged or blunt the placement of the area to be mowed when compared 2-! Up to 60 minutes ( w/ 7.5Ah battery ) 21 '' 1.5 '' -4 '' Power+ 21 '' Cut™... 4 … Measuring cutting Heights - Walk behind mowers gets to mow an even larger area these can. On its own, or 3 inches long cylindrical-blade type cutters, although they slightly... Height will be in one of the 22-inch-cut machines were made in 1921, each suited to a scale! 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