1983-7-II (1983). Design Provisions for Earthquake Resistance of Structures, Amendment no.5 (in English). These specifications as summarized in Table 1 will serve as the starting point for the upcoming paper, which will complement the seismic demand with hand-made base shear calculations for countries that still (or should) allow the technique. AzDTN 2.3-1 (2014). PN 01.01-09 (2012). Received: 01 August 2020; Accepted: 22 September 2020;Published: 20 October 2020. The objective is to analyze and compare current practices of rubble stone masonry buildings with the design specifications and construction requirements, as dictated by national seismic and masonry codes. This concludes that school buildings in rubble stone masonry are not allowed to be built anywhere in India, although the word “should” weakens this statement. All other rules apply for both houses and schools, although a recent guideline (not mandatory) for restauration and new construction of school buildings, recommends only reinforced concrete and steel frame structures (Applied Technology Council, 2017). The countries stretching from the borders of China toward the Black Sea all belonged to the former Soviet Union and include areas with severe seismicity. Site Investigation and Engineering Evaluation of the Van Earthquakes of October 23 and November 9, 2011. Beijing: Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. The focus is on those countries where the technique is still being utilized, as well as on countries where it potentially could be used (again). The more severe zone 1 allowed muratura listata of two stories height with cross-walls at maximum spacing of 6 m, and zone 2 allowed three stories with maximum 12 m height and 7 m cross-wall spacing. In the countries that still use the former Yugoslavian code (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo and North Macedonia), the technique is “not clearly ruled out” and rubble stone is (possibly) classified under “other materials.” But since these former Balkan countries are in the process of adopting Eurocode, this will likely result in the rejection of rubble stone masonry in this region. Code for the Seismic Design of Civil and Industrial Buildings (in Chinese). It is expected that the technique is still practiced in the rural and mountainous areas in Azerbaijan and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. SNiP II-7-81∗ (1989). The main mountain ranges of the Middle East are shown in Figure 3. Quetta Development Authority Building Rules, 1976. Boulder, CO: The Masonry Society. Design Codes (in Armenian). A beautiful stone masonry work. Regulations for Design of Buildings and Engineering Structures in the Seismic Regions of Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). To our knowledge, such extensive and complete overview with regards to rubble stone masonry in seismic areas has not been presented before. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. They need clear and reliable information that is up-to-date and complete. This paper compares and summarizes design specifications and construction requirements, with a specific focus on “nominally reinforced rubble stone masonry (NRM) with cement mortar and wooden diaphragms in seismic areas.” Currently, the technique is only allowed and described in some detail in the codes of Nepal, India, China, Tajikistan, Georgia, Iran and Croatia. Wooden floors and roofs are not specifically mentioned but are commonly used in Italian stone buildings in Italy. It is further noted that both codes (NBC 202 and 203) are nearly identical with regards to the main dimensions, such as building height, openings and reinforcements. The bushing in the face should not project more than 40 mm on an exposed face and 10 mm on a face to be plastered. NTC-2018 (2018). NCSE-94 (1995). Stone masonry is only discussed in its Bhutanese Architecture Guidelines (Royal Government of Bhutan, 2014), which focuses solely on aesthetic features of buildings such as building shape, roof form and window ornamentation, without any consideration for structural stability of the building. New Delhi: Indian Standards Institution. To understand the role of stone masonry in all (former) Russian territories, one needs to go back to the definitions in the earliest codes of the 1950s. Prof. K. Shrestha and MEng. The review aims to trace when and where certain rules came into existence, how they have changed over time, and if there are similarities between codes and countries. Gazzetta Ufficiale n.42 del 20 Febbraio 2018, Rome. (2019). L-25/11/n.1684 (1962). Regarding building typology, Standard GB/T 33735-2017 (2017) for “Avoiding Earthquake Danger for Schools” refers to the National seismic code GB 50011. Resmî Gazete n.30364 of 18/03/2018 (in Turkish). Provided that stone, or even rubble stone is allowed as “other material,” then 2-story buildings with spacing of 7.5m between cross-walls of 38 cm thickness are allowed in seismic zone VIII, without further calculations and regardless of the masonry type. *Correspondence: Martijn Schildkamp, info@smartshelterresearch.com, Front. Cherkaoui, T., and El Hassani, A. Hicyilmaz, K. (2011). If we just ignore the mortar component, these patterns can be applied to dry stone walling. Contrary to the Russian and most neighboring codes, the masonry chapter of the first post-Soviet Tajik seismic code MKS CT 22-07-2007 (2007) does not explicitly rule out rubble stone, as it only “recommends” that stones must be of regular shape. Rubble stone masonry was explicitly mentioned, as in PSP 101-51 (1951) which ranks the use of “natural stone of irregular shape” in categories 3 and 4, depending on mortar type. DTU Règles-PS-92 (2004). Although restricted to areas with a low seismic hazard, with these clauses the Italian national codes deviate from Eurocode. ECP-204 (2005). China has also been prone to some of the most devastating earthquakes in history. This is particularly the case for all Russian-based codes in Central Asia and the Caucasus, which indirectly refer to clauses that were developed in the 1950s for dimensioned tuff stones. After the 1883 Casamicciola earthquake, only single-story masonry buildings with light roofs were allowed in this region, either with ordinary bricks or tuff stones grinded into a parallelepiped shape (RE-09/01/n.212, 1884). Tirana: Academy of Sciences. The latter masonry type is called “muratura a pietrame listata” or simply “muratura listata,” which is still included in today’s code. 45–55. However, it is important to note that according to the latest seismic code IS:1893 (part 1)-2016 (2016), a seismic verification is always required, even in zone II with very low seismicity and a design acceleration factor Z/2 = 0.05g. 2. Code for Seismic Design of Buildings, Revised Version (in Chinese). 142:04015145. doi: 10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001417, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar. – Type of mortar: The choice of mortar type has a huge impact on the strength characteristics of the masonry. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International. Roughly one-third of Armenia’s dwellings are in the rural and mountainous areas. Most of the African Continent has very low seismicity, to basically no activity across the Sahara and central parts. Geneve: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Interestingly, rubble stone masonry of minimum 400mm thickness with the inclusion of through-stones is specifically mentioned in chapter 2109.10 of UBC-97. This can be further subdivided as uncoursed, coursed, random, dry, polygonal and bint. Temporary Construction Guidelines for Earthquake Regions (in Turkish). The masonry section about empirical design contains word-for-word copied sections of the Indian Standards IS:4326-1993 (1993) and IS:1905-1987 (1989), which are specifically meant for regular sized stones (Ashlar), and currently more than 30 years old. Construction in Seismic Regions. It is important to note that the buildings by SSF in Nepal have only incorporated horizontal bands in the walls, and that any vertical steel reinforcements are excluded. This paper ends with some recommendations for improvement in clarity and wording, in the summary and conclusion. However, its section for stone only covers low-rise buildings in ashlar masonry with concrete floors, meaning that rubble stone masonry buildings (with wooden floors) are ruled out. As a result, it has added “roughly cut stone” with a minimum wall thickness of 450 mm and minimum compression strengths for stone (30 N/mm2) and mortar (5 N/mm2) to its National Annex of Eurocode 6 (HRN EN 1996-1-1:2012/NA, 2012). BCP-86 (1986). Uniform Building Code, Volume 2, Structural Engineering Design Provisions. DRY RUBBLE MASONRY This type of masonry is used in the construction of retaining walls in agriculture land, pitching earthen dams and canal slopes in the form of random rubble masonry without any mortar. Front. In this form the stones used in the work are hammer or chisel-dressed. Kaufmann, C., Langhammer, T., Schwarz, J., Khakimov, S., and Tulaganov, B. Seismicity and Seismic Hazard in Morocco 1901-2010. Resmî Gazete n.26454 of 06/03/2007 (in Turkish). Bishkek: State Agency for Architecture and Construction under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic. With seismic verifications, confined masonry is allowed up to 3 floors in zone IX and 4 floors in zone VIII. Experimental study of the in-plane behavior of confined stone masonry walls. Ordinance on Temporary Technical Regulations for Construction in Seismic Regions (in Serbo-Croatian). For stone, this resulted in a division between IS:4326-1993 (1993) covering rectangular stone units related to IS:1597(part 2)-1992 (2016) “Construction of Ashlar Stone Masonry”; and a newly introduced code IS:13828-1993 (1993) “Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low-Strength Masonry Buildings,” for random rubble stone masonry with cement-sand mortar. GB/T 33735-2017 (2017). Approval of the Application and Use of the Eurocodes in Combination with the Respective National Appendices (in Greek). And mandatory seismic code PGS-1 ( 1968 ), Prof. Y. Singh and Assist all authors contributed the! 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